Our analysis suggests the New Zealander incline was a phenomenon driven primarily by multi-generational New Zealanders who formerly identified as European. what I say I am) and ethnic ascription (i.e. Wetherell, M. and J. Potter (1992) Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation, Columbia University Press, NY. Despite European being the only ethnic group in official statistics to be preceded by the New Zealand identifier, critics have argued that it is too generic to serve as a meaningful ethnic label, and/or is irrelevant for those with only distant ties to the European continent. The boards and management of the top 100 companies remain overwhelmingly male and Pākehā/European. Our exploration is timely. The recent linkage of 2001-04 mortality data to 2001 census data allows us to determine whether any such 'numerator-denominator' bias persists. Among those people, 99% recorded Aboriginal ancestry. Never again. Although New Zealand has no state religion, as of the 2013 census, just under 50% of the population identify as Christians. recognises that ethnic people have a right to equitable . The image of people at the passport office carefully opening the applications (with gloves on to avoid their own prints) and taking copies of any fingerprints thereon is too bizarre for words. The latest census was held in March 2013. 21 April 2020 The changing face of New Zealand can be seen in the 2018 Census data released recently, Stats NZ said today. When forced to choose between New Zealander and Māori identity, several surveys have shown that a significant number of Māori choose the former. In other words just be myself! First, the purpose for which ethnic data are collected invariably has a political dimension. I did mine online last night: https://www.census.govt.nz/ Source: Statistics New Zealand 2007, Figure 4. Change ). Similar observations have been made in New Zealand in relation to White New Zealanders of European descent (Bell 1996, Liu 2005, Wetherell and Potter 1992). Among census-taking nations, New Zealand is one of a small number that explicitly allows for identification with multiple ethnic groups (Kukutai and Thompson 2007, Morning 2008). 8, Table 5 Geographic Region of Birth, New Zealander Responses and Total Population, 2006 Census. There were 775,836 people identifying as being part of the Māori ethnic group at the 2018 New Zealand census, making up 16.5% of New Zealand's population. I agree. Third, the process of statistically constituting ethnic groups is political in terms of consequences. Table 6 shows that of the 82,845 children recorded as New Zealander, 78% were born in New Zealand to New Zealand-born parents. Will commemorations be ethnically divisive? New Zealand has more ethnicities than there are countries in the world, the 2013 census has revealed. The non-specific nature of the identity question in both surveys means we do not know on what basis people responded. We note, however, that only 28% of those who recorded a New Zealander response and acknowledged Māori descent did so in combination with Māori ethnicity.7 This is much lower than the proportion in the overall Māori descent population that recorded Māori as part of a dual or multiple ethnic group response. The question asked: “Do you think of yourself as….”, with response options including “Māori first” (70.6%), “New Zealander first” (17.2%), “Both” (11.9%), and “Don’t know” (0.2%) (see TVNZ 2008). Posing the question “are ethnic groups real?”, Fenton (2003) argues that what makes a collective of individuals a “group” is as important as defining what makes a group “ethnic”. Fertility in New Zealand. About the 2018 Census dataset By contrast, all of the other level 1 categories increased between 2001 and 2006, suggesting non-European groupings were not greatly affected by the large increase in New Zealander responses. Following the increased reporting of Canadian ethnic origins, Canadian was listed as the fifth example response to the 1996 ethnic origin question in the English-language questionnaire, and Canadiene on the French version. An ethnic group is made up of people who have some or all of the following characteristics: Apparently we all have a common geographic origin – Africa. Prior to the 2006 census, Statistics New Zealand decided to discontinue the practice of coding New Zealander-type responses into the New Zealand European category and code them as a separate category – a decision that was picked up by primetime news (TVNZ 2006).5 In the month preceding the census a widely circulated “Declare your pride” email campaign encouraged people to state their ethnicity as New Zealander. 2019 CENSUS OF BOARD DIVERSITY IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND BY GENDER AND ETHNICITY The 2019 census on the boards of Aotearoa New Zealand’s top 100 companies by market capitalisation shows stalled progress towards gender and ethnic diversity. Within the social sciences, ethnic groups are generally conceived of as social constructions. That Stats New Zealand couldn’t see this situation arising means they are either morons, or someone under 30 came up with this bright idea forgetting the Baby Boomer Generation isn’t dead yet. Ethnicity code tables For the national collections. Pākehā was largely absent from official statistics but was often used and understood in workaday and public life as a neutral descriptor for White New Zealanders. On April 9, Stats NZ released data from the 2018 census on ethnicity, culture, and identity. But I don’t identify with Africa at all. Have a guess. Māori identity politics and Treaty settlements, as well as their reactions – the latter included challenges to historical settlements and so-called “race-based” funding (Brash 2004), rising immigration from “non-traditional” source countries, particularly those within Asia. Table 3 Top 10 New Zealander Responses, Level 4, 2006 Census. However, the Canadian and Australian experiences suggest this may change if a New Zealander tick-box is introduced in future. It’s believable that future, more totalitarian governments may routinely match the data. ethnicity, citizenship and national identity. The census is one of New Zealand’s most important data sources and much of the census data is released for re-use. that ethnicity be measured in a consistent way across all official statistics ; that the 2006 Census use the same ethnicity question as that used in the 2001 Census ; that Statistics New Zealand continue to educate respondents, users and producers of ethnicity data about the concept of ethnicity Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Research and public opinion have shown a lack of consensus among members of the majority group about the most appropriate label for their group (see, for example, Liu 2005, Statistics New Zealand 1993, 2004). We should be pleased as punch about that! But why did labels that were once seen as acceptable in colloquial usage become unacceptable or inappropriate statistical categories? King’s formulation of a second indigenous people has had several detractors, with the key concern being that it minimises the legacy of colonialism and seems to appropriate Māori claims to indigeneity (see, for example, Bell 2004). Kunz, C. and L. Costello (2003) 2001 Census: Ancestry – Detailed Paper (census paper No. Didham, R. (2005) Understanding and Working with Ethnicity Data: A Technical Paper, Statistics New Zealand, Wellington. 2019 CENSUS OF BOARD DIVERSITY IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND BY GENDER AND ETHNICITY The 2019 census on the boards of Aotearoa New Zealand’s top 100 companies by market capitalisation shows stalled progress towards gender and ethnic diversity. As Kertzer and Arel note, “Censuses do more than reflect social realities, they also participate in the social construction of these realities” (2002:2). It will be very interesting to see what happens next year, 2019, being the Sestercentennial of Captain James Cook’s arrival in “New Zealand waters” … I wonder what the uptake will be like? Major ethnic groups in New Zealand. The magnitude of the increase was surprising, but followed similar surges in national naming in the Canadian and Australian censuses. They’ll have to define everyone else who’s not a NZer of European (or Maori) descent too then. More than a quarter of people (27.4 percent) were born overseas, according to the 2018 census. New Zealander, Kiwi) in the 2006 census was surprising. Life expectancy • male 79.9 years • female 83.4 years Fertility rate 1.81 births per woman Infant mortality rate … The news had a story about how much money communities miss out on because of people not filling out the census – $50,000,000 in one case (Manukau ?). It is not a measure of race, ancestry, nationality, or citizenship. Table 2 Level 1 Ethnic Categories, 2001 and 2006 Census. Ma kept banging on at me that I’d forget so it’s got her off my back! In New Zealand this includes measuring equity of access to services such as health and education, and monitoring outcomes for particular ethnic groups and communities (Callister 2007). Noting the absence of similar claims among Māori, Pacific or Asian New Zealanders in his samples, Liu concluded it was “only the majority group that seeks the prerogative and has the power to go ethnically unmarked” (2005:78). It’s a little like when you apply for a passport. Of the combination New Zealander responses, New Zealand European was by far the most commonly recorded group – almost five times larger than the next biggest combination. These questions cannot be answered by census data, but require analysis of a qualitative sort. Nobody downticked Zedd for saying the same thing. Changes to the census instrument, an increase in multiple-ethnicity reporting and inconsistencies in how individuals identify themselves have made the analysis of ethnicity data in New Zealand increasingly tricky (Callister et al. We are talking about peripheral information that may, or may not, be germane to standard ID. ( Log Out / Thanks but I already have a full complement of delusions. The New Zealand Country Package includes over 450 fields of 2018 Census demographics describing population, age, gender, birthplace, ethnicity, language spoken, marital status, education, income, employment, dwellings vehicles, and rent for the following geographic layers: Rather than signal the rejection of ethnicity, New Zealander ethnic identification may denote a process of ethnic reconfiguration or formation. King, M. (1999) Being Pakeha Now: Reflections of a White Native, Penguin, Auckland. As the flagship of official statistics in many countries, the census is also a site of inclusion and exclusion, where ethnicity and ethnic groups are constructed, reconfigured or rendered invisible (Kertzer and Arel 2002). Between 2001 and 2006 the number increased five-fold to nearly 430,000, making New Zealander the third most frequent ethnic group response behind New Zealand European and Māori. By combining the theoretical literature with qualitative insights from Canada and New Zealand we have sought to bring sociological perspectives to bear on the questions: For whom does the New Zealander ethnic designation resonate, and why? Taken together, our findings suggest people who formerly identified with a European ethnicity were the dominant force behind the rise in New Zealander responses. Treasury paper 14 – 10. Ethnicity Matters. Well, there are none. Information from the official census helps determine how billions of dollars of government funding are spent across the country. New Zealand’s population – counted at 4,669,755 in the 2018 census – is growing more and more diverse. Analysis of “Canadian” responses suggested the campaign resonated most with a distinct segment of the Canadian population: people with a multi-generational presence in Canada residing in areas settled by British origin groups. Statistics about ethnicity give information by the ethnic groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. The majority (51%) selected “a Māori”, but a sizeable share (25%), opted for “a New Zealander” or “a Kiwi” (Te Hoe Nuku Roa Research Team 1999). Quite puzzling really. Of those who responded to the ancestry question on the standard census form, a mere 7% recorded Aboriginal ancestry, compared to 67% recording Australian ancestry. Pearson (2000, 2002) has written persuasively about how British-descent New Zealanders have had to renegotiate their identity within a complex of changing relations that includes the distancing of ties with England. They were: These factors, and the experiences of Canada and Australia, suggest national naming in the New Zealand census is more likely to resonate with multi-generational New Zealanders of European descent than with indigenous Māori or recent immigrants. The 2018 Census, held on Tuesday 6 March, was the 34th New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. Includes the 85,300 New Zealander responses. In recent years, however, the term is increasingly used in talk about ethnicity and ethnic group belonging. Im guessing, IF there are more than a few of any particular ‘ethnicity’ then it maybe noted.. else just added to NZ Euro list ? 144–158), Dunmore Press, Palmerston North. I didn’t participate last time, without consequence. Ethnicity is a measure of cultural affiliation. ( Log Out / "The terms Pākehā and New Zealander existed within ethnic … Rather than adjudicate over whether New Zealander is a nationality or ethnic group, we ask for whom such a designation resonates and why? one or more elements of common culture, which need not be specified, but may include religion, customs or language, a unique community of interests, feelings and actions, a shared sense of common origins or ancestry. The proportion of non-response to the ethnicity question in 2006 (4.2%) was comparable with 2001 (4.0%). 3 Prior to 1981 the ethnic origin question in the Canadian census was specifically asked in relation to paternal ancestors and, from 1986 to 2001, in relation to ancestors generally (Statistics Canada 2002). In addition, more people reported a multiple-ethnic affiliation of New Zealander, European and Māori than simply New Zealander and Māori. A slightly different interpretation is that the resistance to ethnic self-ascription reflects a more passive tendency for members of majority groups to see themselves as being without ethnicity or race. i think the government AND online entities compiling & exchanging masses of data on us all is a concern everybody shares. 10 Women who were British subjects and married a so-called “race alien” (i.e. This is most clearly visible in the significant rise in the number of people I don’t know. The magnitude of the increase was surprising, but followed similar surges in national naming in the Canadian and Australian censuses. More likely, European or Pākehā would be the signifier that springs to mind because the term New Zealander is not yet (and might never be) bedded into the vernacular as an ethnic descriptor of white New Zealanders. The New Zealand government department Statistics New Zealand conducts a census of population and dwellings every five years. It’s a small thing, but there are times when it’s obviously personal. The case of the emerging ‘New Zealander’ ethnic group” paper presented at the Conference on Social Statistics & Ethnic Diversity, 6–8 December, Montreal, Canada. In many legal and political contexts, the distinction between New Zealand-born people of British descent and British immigrants was minor.10 However, weakening economic and political attachments to Britain, coupled with Māori politicisation and intensified immigration, spawned a search for a new identity and legitimating myths. Get statistics from the 2018 Census, information about how we produce it, and our strategy for … They will answer simple questions free of charge. Though we do not show tables for Europeans, we note this was very close to the proportion of Europeans recording Māori ancestry (11.8%). Soon it will be DNA. Census Ethnic05 V2 2018 CENSV2.0.0. The Standard for example is not diminished by their absence. 2005). In the 1986 census just 0.5% of the Canadian population recorded their ethnic origins as Canadian, very similar to the proportion recording New Zealander ethnicity in the 1986 New Zealand census.3 In 1991 the share increased to 4%, prompting some commentators to ponder whether Canadian was an “evolving indigenous category” (Pryor et al. When one goes to a foreign country, they look at the photo on the passport, as Corky woulf know if he had been anywhere. Démographie: Analyse et Synthèse (pp. Told you Alan, didn’t I, below … it’s British, that’s why! Only the passage of time and generational distance will tell if a more inclusive rendering will emerge. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Ethnicity has been measured in some way or other through the New Zealand Census since the middle of the 19th century, but the way in which it’s been defined and measured has changed. They will answer simple questions free of charge. If the refusal relates to a person whose behaviour gives the Prosecution team reason to question their mental capacity or their wellbeing, no further action will be taken. Table 2 shows an obvious relative and absolute decline in the European grouping, providing support for the view that New Zealander ethnic identification was largely a European phenomenon. I guess its fair to say that someone who does not attend ‘service’ at some form of organised religion has “no religious affiliation” … but does this tell us anything about people’s human compassion and spirituality? This is an increase of 177,234 people (29.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 210,507 people (37.2%) since the 2006 census. The New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings (Māori: Te Tatauranga o ngā Tāngata Huri Noa i Aotearoa me ō rātou Whare Noho) is a national population and housing census conducted by government department Statistics New Zealand every five years. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007) 2006 Census of Population and Housing Fact Sheet: Ancestry, Australian Bureau of Statistics [accessed 1/10/07]. Because dominant groups have the power to influence national institutions (e.g. Pakeha should be included with a capital ‘P’ …, Being a New Zealander … sorry, Aotearoa New Zealander of European descent … is really the only way anyone can be Pakeha anywhere in the world …. Like the 1991 Canadian census, the 2006 New Zealand census was preceded by heightened public debate around the ethnicity question. 133–155), Yale University Press, New Haven. In Canada, the pattern has been more complex, divided between the nation’s two charter groups: Anglophones and Francophones (Boyd 1999, Lee and Edmonston 2007). The statistical and substantive implications of such a move are manifold, but are unfortunately beyond the scope of this paper. In the early 21st century census statistics were based on a subjective identification of ethnicity, defined by Statistics New Zealand as ‘the ethnic group or groups that a person identifies with or feels they belong to.’ 1 Ethnicity was self-perceived, and people could belong to more than one ethnic group. Middleton, J. Ethnicity is self perceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group. I see there’s a part-time job advertised as the Te Tai Tokerau director of this ‘celebration’, with a full-time CEO-and-Managing Director-like brief that includes obtaining funding to pay your own wages …. Almost two-thirds of people who identified with at least one Pacific ethnic group were born in New Zealand. A more subtle form of political action is the strategic use of “identity frames” by social movements (Snow and Benford 1992) that heighten the appeal of an ethnic category, often in a way that resonates with a particular constituency. 4 In the Australian context, Kunz and Costello (2003) describe the potential effects of form design and question sequencing on ancestry responses. 121–137), Oxford University Press, Auckland. If the New Zealand census follows the path of Australia and Canada, the prospect of a New Zealander tick-box in future is not improbable. the shift to a more permissive system of ethnic self-identification in official statistics. 2018 Census Individual (part 1) total New Zealand by Statistical Area 1 - Stats NZ | | GIS Map Data Datafinder Geospatial Statistics - Download GIS data as Shapefile (SHP), DWG, MapInfo, CSV, Google Earth (KML). 11 The term European was widely used as a racial descriptor for individuals who were neither Māori nor “race alien” in the Census from 1874 through to the 1980s. Nobody’s remotely interested in that. It is also used by councils, community groups, iwi (Māori tribes or collectives) and businesses to plan for the future, and it helps the government make decisions about which services are needed and which locations sho… In 2006, a colourblind construction of New Zealander ethnicity might manifest as a response to the twin threats of Māori politicisation and growing ethnic diversification through rising Asian immigration. Going by the 2013 census that puts me in a small minority, just 2.1% of people in Otago were New Zealanders, and 1.6% nationwide. In seeking to account for the European dominance of national naming, one potential interpretation of New Zealander identification is that it signals the rejection of ethnic labelling. The Census population of Napier City in 2018 was 62,241. The proportion of New Zealander respondents recording Māori ancestry was significantly lower at 10.7%. However, the reasons why the call was answered so readily by some also points to structural changes occurring throughout the 1990s and the years immediately preceding the census. growth through migration and fertility) and operational (e.g. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (pp. The completion rate is going to be poor, with a major review to follow. 03/01b), Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Words limit things to begin with … and the use of limited words limits them beyond compare. The Canadian experience underscores a point germane to our argument: ethnic identification in the census is not merely a matter of individual psychological processes, but is tied to the structure of group relations. Should we be concerned about that prospect? The only contentious question was on ‘ethnic group’. In those days a decree went out from Emperor Augustus that all the world should be registered. That’s where mine was. Death rate 6.95 per 1000 pop. I think it’s racist to have it in lower case. In New Zealand, the refrain “we are all New Zealanders” was historically deployed at various times to deny Māori claims to distinctiveness, while glossing over persistent racial inequality and the institutional dominance of British culture (Pearson 1990). In an earlier paper we argued three changes were especially influential in drawing sharper distinctions between Māori, immigrants and New Zealanders of European descent during that period (Kukutai and Didham 2007; see also Pearson 2000, 2002). Obviously, if you got flattened by a car in France they could run those prints associated with your name..and by a simple process of elimination…well, you are educated. What if there are none ? The answer cannot be discerned from census data, but hopefully future research using more qualitative methods will provide illumination. How this data is classified. Statistics New Zealand (1993) NZ Standard Classification of Ethnicity 1993, Statistics New Zealand, Wellington. (1971) Speeches and Documents on New Zealand History, Clarendon Press, Oxford. One of the most striking aspects of the New Zealander responses shown in Table 5 is the predominance of the New Zealand-born. In New Zealand, the categories “Asian” and “Pacific peoples / Pasifika” exemplify how statistical categories are imbued with ethnic meaning, but are also selectively and strategically employed by those so categorised to denote a political community. https://norightturn.blogspot.co.nz/2018/02/feeding-big-brother.html. Ethnicity code tables For the national collections. “The census showed that 27.4 percent of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2 percent in 2013. (2004) “‘Half-castes’ and ‘White Natives’: The politics of Māori–Pākehā hybrid identities” in C. Bell and S. Matthewman (eds.) If the meaning of New Zealander evolves to become an ethnic dimension of difference, particularly one that is predominantly claimed by New Zealanders of European descent, where does that leave those who do not lay claim to New Zealander ethnicity? TVNZ (2008) “Marae-Digipoll survey Hauraki-Waikato electorate” Media release, 3 August. Adding something is pointless, it will be invalid, I suspect. So they probably already know everything about you anyway? (2006) “Email urges ‘New Zealander’ for census” New Zealand Herald, 1 March. The historical and statistical record is replete with examples of Pākehā and European used as descriptors of self and other.11 However, from the late 1980s the meaning of Pākehā seems to have changed, in part due to its usage in political discourses setting out Māori grievances. (1997) “Dominant group ethnic identity in the United States: The role of ‘hidden’ ethnicity in intergroup relations” Sociological Quarterly,38(3):375–397. Most people were good, but a few weren’t. Includes the 429,429 New Zealander responses. Those with an overseas birthplace were born in almost every country in the world, including 15 people born at sea,” census general manager Kathy Connolly said. Survey research undertaken by Liu found that 15 to 35% of people he referred to as “Pakeha/New Zealand Europeans” refused to report an ethnic label, referring to themselves as New Zealanders or “just kiwis”. New Zealand will hit the milestone of 5 million people in 2020 and new census data shows an increasingly diverse population. New Constitutional Democracy: Te Ture a te Iwi o Aotearoa New Zealand …. In both cases, respondents were defined as Māori by descent rather than ethnic affiliation. However, in its RME, Statistics New Zealand did not go as far as saying the term New Zealander could be seen as an ethnic group, it simply accepts that such responses should be recorded and published. Downticking might constitute an outlet for some people who would otherwise viciously comment ad-hom …? How individuals choose to identify themselves on a census form may seem a deeply personal or perhaps a relatively inconsequential matter, depending on how the form filler sees the exercise. Interestingly, Pākehā as a social category is still popular among Māori, with Liu’s research showing Māori-identified New Zealanders prefer the label Pākehā for New Zealanders of European descent much more than those so labelled. Maybe I’ll be proved wrong, but I think having to do it online may cause quite a few people to not bother for various reasons. Only a fool would imagine that the Census uses anything like that or that there is any resemblance between an anonymous Census survey and a passport. A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration.A value below 2.1 … We conclude with some reflections on what New Zealander ethnic identification may mean for future relations. In recent decades the counting of ethnic groups in the New Zealand census has undergone dramatic change (see Statistics New Zealand 1993, 2004). Pearson suggests the renegotiation of settler identity has primarily involved a reassessment of relations with two “intimate others” – “Britons past (and present) and Māori” (2000:104). Yeah, I think that’s quite some way off. In total, 213 ethnic groups were identified in the census… Ethnic data have been used at various times and places to justify and sustain systems of ethnic inequality (e.g. The finding was all the more surprising in light of historical demands for the recognition of Quebec sovereignty and a 1995 referendum on separation that had narrowly failed. (2002) “As Australia decolonizes: Indigenizing settler nationalism and the challenges of settler/indigenous relations” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(6):1013–1042. Morning, A. and D. Sabbagh (2005) “From sword to ploughshare: Using race for discrimination and anti-discrimination in the United States” International Social Science Journal, 57(183):57–73. The campaign lacked the institutional support of the Canadian campaign, but was given a significant, if varied, hearing through the mainstream media. 4 ethnicity data move are manifold, but followed similar surges in national naming on! 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Cambridge, UK ethnic options had “ New Zealand, Wellington, more than one SET of.... ”, “ Kiwi ” ) Port Nicholson Press, Auckland population of Napier in... Appeared to influence national institutions ( e.g @ tahatu.co.nz the variable applies whom the variable applies errors. From IRD and welfare datasets acceptable in colloquial usage become unacceptable or inappropriate statistical categories your just! History, Clarendon Press, Wellington are talking about peripheral information that may, or combination... Like estimating Health services ( i.e 2001 and 2006 census Didham Institute of Studies! No need to have it in lower case “ other things more important than population imcrease ” for economy its. Same thing earlier!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ) is not trivial “ Marae-Digipoll survey Hauraki-Waikato electorate ” Media release, 3 August ' bias persists at fastest.
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